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In California, those locked up pretrial are "overwhelmingly poor, working class, and from racial and ethnic minorities."Human Rights Watch, “Not in it for Justice: How California’s Pretrial Detention and Bail System Unfairly Punishes Poor People,” April 11, 2017.

Bail not Jail: Grassroots organizations are stepping up to fill gaps in bail reform, with National Bail Out alone raising nearly $1 million in 2017.National Bail Out, “National Bail Out.”; and National Bail Out, “National Bail Out to #FreeBlackMommas; and #EndMoneyBail.”

Every

someone in America dies from an opioid overdose. CDC, “Understanding the Epidemic.”

All 50 states and the District of Columbia have passed legislation to increase layperson access to 

naloxone

—a lifesaving medication that reduces the effects of an opioid overdose.Network for Public Health Law, Legal Interventions to Reduce Overdose Mortality (2017).

Confidence 

in the police has risen

from a record-tying low of 52 percent in 2015.Jim Norman, “Confidence in Police Back at Historical Average,” Gallup, July 10, 2017.

Black people accounted for

of total arrests in 2016, a rate more than double their representation in the U.S. population.Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Arrests by Race and Ethnicity: 2016,” accessed December 13, 2017; and U.S. Census Bureau, “Quick Facts: Population Estimates.”

Mental illness

played a role in

of police shootings in 2017, with black people making up 23 percent of the fatalities.“Fatal Force: Police Shootings Data 2017,” Washington Post, accessed December 13, 2017.

The number of

incarcerated children

decreased

over the past 15 years.Jake Horowitz and Arna Carlock, “Juvenile Commitment Rate Falls by Half Nationally in 10 Years,” Pew Charitable Trusts, September 18, 2017.

Native American Girls

are

more likely to be suspended from school than white girls.National Women’s Law Center, “2013-14 Suspension Rates for Girls of Color by State”.

Black students with disabilities

are nearly

more likely to be arrested while at school than white students with disabilities.Hannah Rappleye, Brenda Breslauer, Stephanie Gosk, and Kenzi Abou-Sabe, “Kids in Cuffs: Why Handcuff a Student with a Disability,” NBC, February 20, 1017.

The DHS FY18 budget included

$2.7 billion

to hold over

51,000

immigrants in detention every night—an increase over the 2016 record-high.Exec. Order No. 13768; U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “2018 Budget-in-Brief,” 4, last published May 23, 2017; and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Statement by Secretary Johnson on Southwest Border Security,” press release (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, November 10, 2016).

of Americans support the continuation of DACA.Langer Research Associates, Americans Back DACA by a Huge Margin (New York: Langer Research, 2017) (ABC News/Washington Post poll).

50 percent of white people feel “very safe” compared to 38 percent of Black people and 40 percent of Latino people.Alliance for Safety and Justice (ASJ), Crime Survivors Speak: The First-Ever National Survey of Victims’ Views on Safety and Justice, 9.

in prison is currently serving a

life sentence.Ashley Nellis, Still Life: America’s Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences (Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project, 2017), 5 & 7.

Nationally, black people account for

of all people held on death row.Death Penalty Information Center, Facts about the Death Penalty (2017), at 2.

There are more than

collateral consequences

that impact people with conviction histories and create hurdles to certain career paths.Joe Palazzolo, “5 Things to Know About Collateral Consequences,” Wall Street Journal, May 17, 2015; and Council of State Governments Justice Center, “National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction,”

Americans

could not vote

in 2016 because of a prior conviction.Christopher Uggen, Ryan Larson, and Sarah Shannon, “6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement, 2016,” The Sentencing Project, October 6, 2016.

States spent

on their corrections systems in 2015.The Sentencing Project, Trends in U.S. Corrections (Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project, 2017).

As of 2016, black adults were imprisoned at a rate

than that of white adults.Eli Hager, “A Mass Incarceration Mystery: Why are Black Imprisonment Rates Going Down? Four Theories,” The Marshall Project, December 15, 2017; and BJS, Prisoners in 2016 (2018), at 8.

of elected local head prosecutors across the country are

white.Reflective Democracy Campaign, “Justice For All?: A Project by the Reflective Democracy Campaign on Who Prosecutes in America,”

Of all the elected prosecutors in office in February 2016,

ran

unopposed

in their most recent elections.“America’s Prosecutor Problem,” Fusion

Of the

candidates President Trump has nominated to fill the vacant U.S. Attorney positions, only three are women and one male candidate is black.Max Kutner, “The Trump Administration Can’t Come Up With a List of Good Black Attorneys,” Newsweek, November 11, 2017.

of black people in state prisons had a public defender or court-appointed counsel, compared to 73 percent of Latino people and 69 percent of white people.Caroline Wolf Harlow, Defense Counsel in Criminal Cases (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000), 9.

There are nearly

11 million admissions

to local jails in any given year, nearly 18 times the annual number of admissions to state and federal prisons.For 2015 jail admissions data, see Minton and Zeng, Jail Inmates in 2015 (2016), 8. For 2015 prison admissions data, see Carson and Anderson, Prisoners in 2015 (2016), at 11.

Black Americans are jailed at

the rate of white Americans; in New York City, the rate is almost

that of whites.Subramanian, Delaney, Roberts, et al., Incarceration’s Front Door (2015), at 4-5.

Forty states and the District of Columbia have passed 

Good Samaritan laws

that provide some form of protection from arrest or prosecution for individuals who report an overdose.Network for Public Health Law, Legal Interventions to Reduce Overdose Mortality (2017).